MEMORANDUM

To: National Media Corporation
PRTV
Steven Fellman
Andrew Goodson

FROM: Steve Moen

DATE: June 18, 1996

RE: Eagle Eyes Infomercial Substantiation Analysis

Following is a summary of the substantiation requested by Steven Fellman and Andrew Goodson in connection with certain of the claims made in the Eagle Eyes Infomercial.

Eagle Eyes Synthetically Replicate Certain Optic Qualities Found In The Eyes Of Eagles.

The Eagle Eyes lens was designed to replicate the properties found in the eyes of the eagle. Carious researchers have found that certain high flying birds of prey, such as eagles, have oil droplets and other properties within their eye which serve to filter out UV, near UV, IR and polarized light. The eagle Eyes lens similarly serves this function through the use of a combination sharp cut-off and polarizing filter.

With the 1840 discovery of oil droplets avian retina, it became possible to replicate properties from birds highly developed visual systems. The eagle Eyes lens uses a synthetic yellow dye, which simulates the yellow oil droplet of the avian eyes, and polarization, which simulates the polarization properties of the avian eye, resulting in a 480nm sharp cut-off filter that provides a maximum transmission of light for enhanced visual acuity, while simultaneously providing a high degree of protection.

Specifically, the avian eye, as well as the Eagle Eyes lens, filters UV, violet light, the damaging portion of blue light, IR and polarized light, enhances light gathering and color rendition, contains a 480 nm cut-off filter, and reduces chromatic aberration and light scatter.

a. Reduction of Chromatic Aberration and Light Scatter

According to G.R.Muntz, in Retinal Droplets and Vision(1972), the coloured oil droplet in the avian eye improves visual acuity by reducing the chromatic aberration of the eye and the effects of light scattering by the ocular media.

Like the avian eye oil droplet, the Eagle Eyes lens was designed to reduce chromatic aberration.

In An Ultraviolet Radiation And Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens For Eye Protection. (Hyson, M.T., Johansen, L, Diffendaffer, P.A., 1987, pp.7-8) Hyson, et al. performed numerous studies on lenses with sharp cut-off filters that block UV, polarized and blue light, which meet the specifications of Eagle Eyes lenses, Hyson et al. state that: “By removing chromatic aberration, a blue blocking filter like the bird oil Hroplets will improve the retinal image.” [Emphasis added]

Furthermore, in Vision Enhancement Using a Short Wavelength Light Absorbing Filter (Optometry & Vision Science, 1989, p.102), Seymour Zigman Ph.D. asserts that a 480 nm lens reduces chromatic aberration, light scattering and fluorescence.

b. Color Enhancement

According to G.R.Muntz, in retinal Droplets and Vision (1972), diurnal birds gain an improvement of visual acuity (color engancement) by reducing chromatic aberration (the blurring of colored images.)

in Colour vision in birds and the role of oil droplets (Vision, 1980), J.K.Bowmaker states: “Avian vision probably represents the most highly evolved colour vision in the animal kingdom.” [Emphasis added]

The Eagle eyes lens also enhances color by reducing chromatic aberration (color blurring), light scatter and autofluorescence, through the use of certain yellow dye in the lens and through the use of a polarized filter.

In An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection (Hyson, M.T., johansen, L, Diffendaffer, P.A., 1987, p.10) Hyson et al. state the sharp cut-on filter, which meet specifications of the Eagle Eye lens, greatly reduces chromatic aberration.

Furthermore, in Enhancement of Vision Using a Short Wavelength Filter, (Zigman, S., 1989) Dr.Zigman found that color fade in human lenses was due to light scatter and autofluorescence.

Additionally, pursuant to the Polariod Data Sheet The Original Polarizing Sunglass Lens material, the PP10 polarizing filter has the unique abillity to selectively absorb horizontally reflected glare, providing contrast improvement. It states that the reduction of glare leaves more accurate color rendition.

c. Filtering of Blue Light

In Four spectral classes of cone in the retinas of birds (Chen, D., Goldsmith, T.H., 1986, journal of Comp. Pysiol.), De-Mao Chen, et al. Conclude that birds eyes contain oil droplets that reduce deep violet and near UV (Blue) light rays. Furthermore, Bowmaker, et al. noted that the oil droplets in the avian eye blocks blue and violet light, while allowing green, yellow, orange and red light to pass (Bowmaker, J.K., Kovach, J.K,m Whitmore, A.V., Loew, E.R (1993) Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets in Genetically Manipulated and Carotenoid Deprived Quail: A Microspectrophotometric Study, Vision Res., Vol.33, No.5/6, pp.571-578).

Seymour Zigman Ph.D., in Light Filters to Improve Vision (Optometry and Vision Science, 1992) substantiates these findings and states as follows:

“Many diurnal animals and shallow swimming marine vertebrates have naturally occurring pigments in their ocular lenses that filter out short wavelengh blue light and near UV radiation. These optical filters enhance vision by reducing chromatic aerration and light scattering, and by enhancing contrast sensitivity.”

Finally, according to Dr. David Miller (Harvard Medical School), and described on page 148 of his book Climieal Light Damage to the Eye, Miller states as follows:

“Studies on animal eyes have shown that the cornea scatters shorter wavelenghs more intensely than longer wavelengths. Specifically, UV and blue light incident on the cornea are splashed and scattered as they srtike the lens more so than green and red light. Thus, placing a UV filter in the OLO would tend to eliminate this highly scattered portion of the spectrum from striking the retina and degrading the retinal image.”

Like the avian eye, the Eagle Eyes lens also filters out hogh intensity violet light and the damaging portion of blue light (see Eagle Eyes Spectral Transmission Study)

d. Filtering of UV Light

In Carotenoid pigments: Their Possible Role in Protecting Against Photooxidation in Eyes An photorecteptor Cells (kirshfeld K., 1982) Kirschfeld notes UV absorption in the avian eye. Various other researchers have also confirmed that the avian eye filters UV light. (See, Wright 1972; Huth and Burkhardt 1972; Goldsmith 1980; Chen et al. 1984; Maier 1992.)

Like the avian eye, the Eagle Eyes lens also filters UV light. The Eagle Eyes lens filters UV. polaroid, the manufacturer of the Eagle Eyes lens, provides in its Data Sheet The Original Polarizing Sunglass Lens material that their polarizer filters virtually 100% of UV rays.

e. Polarization

In Optics of Retinal Oil Droplets: A Model of Light Collection and Polarization Detection in the Avian Retina (Young, S.R, Martin, G.R, 1984, p.129), Young explains that avian oil droplets function as a mede of light collection and polarization. Young and Martin further stat that the light gathering function served by the avian eye oil droplets has important consequences for visual performance. They further state that scattering by the oil droplet combined with dichroic absorption may account for the observed polarization sensitivity of birds. Thus, according to Young , the sensory capacity of birds visual navigation is enhanced. Carious other researchers have also noted polarization sensitivity in bird species (see, Able 1989; Helbig 1990; Waldvogel 1990).

The Eagle Eyes lens is polarized (see Eagle Eyes Spectral Transmission Study).

f. Light Gathering

In Pilarization Detection in the Avian Eye, (Baylor and Fettiplace, 1975), Baylor et al. state that the oil droplet in diurnal bird’s retinas collect and concentrate light through microlens properties which improves vision. Similarly, Baylor and Fettiplace also state that the oil droplets contained in the avain eye serve a light gathering function.

Additionally, in Optics of Retinal Oil Droplets: A Model of Fight Collection and Polarizaion Detection in the Avian Retina(Young, S.R., Martin. G.R., 1987, p.129), Young explains that avian oil droplets function as a mode of light collection

The Eagle Eyes lens also has light gathering properties through photon capture characteristic of its yellow dye. According to S.A.Kelly in Effect of yellow tinted lenses on brightness, the perception of brightness is enhanced by yellow filters.

g. 480NM Cut-Off Filter

In An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection (Hyson, M.T., Johansen, L, Diffendaffer, p.A., 1987, pp.6-9), Hyson, et al. state that birds of prey have yellow oil droplets that absorb short wavelength light. They further state that the 480 nm lens is similar to the cou off filter that birds possess.

Similarly, in The visula ecology of avian cone oil droplets (Partridge, J.C., Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1989), J.C. Partridge states:

“The first measurements of oil droplet absorption spectra were made by Roaf(1929) who discovered that the droplets acted as “edge” or “cut off” filters, absorbing short wavelengths.”

Moreover, in Optics of Retinal Oil Droplets: A Model of Light Collection and Polarization Detection in the Avian Retina (Young S.R., Martin, G.R., Vision Res., Vol.24, No.2, pp.129-137, 1984), Young et al. state that oil droplets possess a cut-off filter characteristic J.K.Bowmaker, et al. support this proposition and state that oil droplets are characterized by their cut-off wavelengths (Vision Res. 17, 755-764).

Finally, in Color vision in the passeriform bird, Leiothrix lutea: correlation of visual pigment absorbance and oil droplet transmission with spectral sensitivity (Maier, E.J., Bowmaker, J.K., 1992, Journal of Comparative Physiology), Maier and Bowmaker’s light transmission analysis studies show a 480 nm slope within the yellow oil droplet of the avian eye, the same cut-off filter used in the Eagle Eyes lens. This is also documented by Chen and Goldsmith.

As shown in the Eagle Eye Spectral Transmission Study, The Eagle Eye lens contains a 480 nm cut-off filter.

Eagle Eyes Are Patented And Unlike Any Other Commercially Available Sunglasses.

On 09/12/95 Steve Moenwas granted an International Provisional Patent Number 60/001,822 Olive Acrylic or Lexane Ultraviolet, Violet, Blue Light and Infra-Red Blocking Polarizing Lens for Use in Sunglasses (the Eagle Eyes lens), under Title 35, United States Code, Section 184 Title 37, Code of Federal Regulations, 5.11&5.15.

On 07/01/95Polaroid Corporation, the manufacturer of the Eagle Eyes lens, was assigned Paterit Number 5,434,707 for a Shaped Plastic Light-Polarizing Lens and Method of Making Same.

As more Fully explained in this memorandum, Eagle Eyes Sunglasses are unlike any other commercially available sunglasses, because the Eagle Eye len has a sharp cut-off 480 nm polarized filter. In addition, Eagle Eyes sunglasses have a unique frame style.

EagleEyes will Improve Visual Acuity I.e., Will Help You see Better By Cutting Haze, Fog and Glare, Improve Contrast, and Help You to see Colors Better.

Through the use of a sharp 480 nm cut-off filter and polarization, the Dagle Eyes lens improves visual acuity in a number of ways, such as cutting haze, fog and glare, improving contrast, and enhancement of colors.

In Vision Enhancement Using a Short Wavelength Light-Absorbing Filter(Optometry & Vision Science, 1989, p.102), Seymour Zigman ph.D States that a lens with a 480 nm cut-off filter, the filter used in Eagle Eyes lenses. Similarly, Zigman states that a 480 nm lens reduces the vision distorting effects of chromatic aberration, light scattering and fluorescence.

In connection with his research, Zigman studied a variety of people, including subjects at the average age of 55 with normal vision, subjects at the average age of 75.8 with aphatic eyes, subjects at the average age of 70 with glaucoma, and subjects at the average of 70 with macullar degeneration, among other subjects. Zigman used certain elder age subjects in order to obtain a population which suffered from vision impairment, however, the results of his studies are also relevant to younger people with normal vision. Although a lens with a 480 nm cut-off filter cerainly enhances the vision of older subjects with vision impairments, due to its many vision enhancing properties, such a lens also enhances the vision of subjects of any age with normal vision.

Michael T. Hyson, Ph.D., et al., performed numerous sutdies on lenses with sharp cut-off filters that block UV, polarized and blue light, which meet the specifications of Eagle Eyes lenses. in his studies, Hyson concluded that these lenses reduce direct, veiling and reflected glare (pp. 2,8 & 11), flourescence (p.2), chromatic aberration (pp. 7-8), light scatter, and improve contrast sensitivity and clarity. (See, Michael. Hyson, et al., An Ultraviolet Radiation And Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens For Eye Protectin.)

Regarding the negative effects of reflected glare, Hyson reasons that:

“the sensitivity in a local region is reduced by a sharp spot of light. Technically, this occurs when a spot of light lands in Ricco’s area of a retinal cell’s receptive field. Therefore, the presence of glint will reduce the gain of the retina, reducing the ability to see shadow detail and reducing the range of light rto which the retina can respond.”

[See also, (1) Ernest Wolf, Ph.D, Glare and Age, Archives of Ophthalmology (1960), Vol. 64 (Glare reduces contrast and is called veiling glare); (2) Marie E. Barton, A new Polycarbonate Lens, Lab Talk 1995 (Glare reduces contrast and visula acuity. Sources of glare include water, snow, pavement etc.); (3) Richard A. Philips, Ph.D., Polarized Lenses for Contemporary Eyewear, Optical Laboratories Association Technical Paners (Polarized filters selctively absorb the reflected glare while transmitting sueful light from a scene. It is widely recognized that around water, polarizing lenses are particularly effective); and (4) Optical Radiation and Visual Health, p.128 (In veiling glare intraocular light scatter produces a veiling luminance on the retina which effectively reduces the contrast of the retinal image).]

In semitransparent Curtains for Control of Optical Radiation Hazards (Sliney, D.H, Moss, C.E., Miller, C.G., Stephens, J.B., Applied Optics(1981), Vol 20, No. 14, p. 2354), Sliney, et al. state that near UV radiation is absorbed in the lesn of the eye, causing the lens to fluoresce which sometimes produces a veiling glare in the perceived scene. Therefore, by reducing fluorescence, as the Eangle Eyes lens does, vision is improved [See also, (1) Zuclich, J.A., Glickman, R.D., Memendez, A.R., In situ Measurments of Lens Fluorescence and Its Interference with Visual Function, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 1992 Feb, 33(2): 410-5 (Blue light causes fluorescence resulting in veiling glare, which reduces contrast of the retinal image);

2.	Eagle Eyes Are Patented And Unlike Any Other Commercially Available Sunglasses.

3.	Eagle Eyes will Improve Visual Acuity, I.e., Will Help You See Better By Cutting Haze, Fog and Glare, Improve Contrast, and Help You to see Clolrs Better.

a. Through the use of a sharp 480 nm cut-off filter and polarization, the Eagle Eyes lens improves visual acuity in a number of ways, such as cutting haze, fog and glare, improving contrast, and enhancement of colors.

b. In Vision Enhancement Using a Short Wavelength Light  Absorbing Filter(Optometry & Vision Science, 1989, p. 102), Seymour Zigman Ph.D. states that a lens with a 480 nm cut-on filter has been shown to improve vision by reducing Rayleigh scattering and fluorescence while simultaneously enhancing contrast sensitivity, thereby enhancing image quality, improving clarity and visual acuity.

c. Furthermore, in Light Filters to Improve Vision (Zigman 1991), it is asserted that improved contrast and visual clarity can be obtained by eliminating short wavelength light through the use of the 480 nm cut-off filter, the filter used in Eagle Eyes lenses. Similarly, Zigman states that a 480 nm lens reduces the vision distorting effects of chromatic aberration, light scattering and fluorescence.

d. In connection with his research, Zigman studied a variety of people, including subjects at the average age of 55 with normal vision, subjects at the average age of 75.8 with aphatic eyes, subjects at the average age of 70 with glaucoma and subjects at the average age of 70 with macullar degeneration, among other subjects. Zigman used certain elder age subjects in order to obtain a population which suffered from vision impairment; however, the results of his studies are also relevant to younger people with normal vision. Although a lens with a 480 nm cut-off filter certainly enhances the vision of older subjects with vision impairments, such a lens also enhances the vision of subjects of any age with normal vision.

e. Michael T. Hyson, Ph.D., et al. performed numerous studies on lenses with sharp cut-on filters that block UV, polarized and blue light, which meet the specifications of Eagle Eyes lenses. In his studies, Hyson concluded that these lenses reduce direct, veiling and reflected glare (p. ), fluorescence (p.2), chromatic aberration (pp. 6-8), light scatter, and improve contrast sensitivity, clarity, ... (See, Michael Hyson, et al. An Ultraviolet Radiation And Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens For Eye Protection)

f. Regarding the negative effects of reflected flare, Hyson reasons that:

“The sensitivity in a local region is reduced by a sharp spot of light. Technically, this occurs when a spot of light lands in Ricco’s area of a retinal cell’s receptive field. Therefore, the presence of glint will reduce the gain of the retina, reducing the ability to see shadow detail and reducing the range of light to which the retina can respond.”

[See also, (1) Ernest Wolf, Ph.D., (Glare reduces contrast and is called veiling glare); (2) Marie E. Barton, A New Polycarbonate Lens, Lab Talk 1995 (Glare reduces contrast and visual acuity. Sources of glare include water, snow, pavement etc.); (3) Richard A. phillips, Ph.D., Polarized Lenses for Contemporary Eyewear, Optical Laboratories Association Technical Papers (Polarized filters selctively absorb the reflected glare while transmitting useful light from a scene. It is widely recognized that around water polarizing lenses are particularly effective); and (4) Optical Radiation and Visual Health, p. 128 (In veiling glare intraocular light scatter produces a veiling luminance on the retina which effectively reduces the contrast of the retinal image.)]

g. ***In Semitransparent Curtains for Control of Optical Radiation Hazards (Sliney, et al., 1981, p.2354), Sliney states near UV radiation is absorbed in the lens of the eye, causing the lens to fluoresce which sometimes produces a veiling glare in the perceived scene. Therefore, by reducing fluorescence, as the Eagle Eyes lens does, vision is improved. [See also, (1) J.A.Zuclich, et: al., In situ Measurements of Lens Fluorescence and Its Interference with Visual Function, Final Report, July 1991 (Fluorescence can be an intraocular source of veiling glare, thus interfering with visual function); and (2) R.A. Weale, Exp. Eye Res., 1985, Vol. 41, 457-473 (Short wavelength visible light plays a significant role in fluorescesnce. thus reducing visual perception. Fluorescence will form a haze which may interfere with final visual judgments).]

h. In An Ultraviolet Radiation And Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens For Eye Protection (page 7), Hyson states that the first obvious benefit of the cut-on lens is the reduction of chromatic aberration. He asserts that by removing chromatic aberration, a blue blocking filter (like the bird oil droplets) will improve retinal image. [See also, (1) David Miller, Light Damage to the Lens, Application to Eye Protection and Practical Considerations, p.75 (Visual acuity is improved by eliminating chromatic aberration and glare); (2) Michael T. Hyson, et al. An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye protection, p. 10 (The cut-on filter lens greatly reduces chromatic aberration and most of the blue light, thus improving contrast in most situations); (3) J. Bowmaker, Colour Vision in Birds and the Role of Oil Droplets, 1980, p.180 (Filtering near UV and violet light reduces chromatic aberration); (4) Optical Laboratories Association, Lab Menu, April, 1993 (Polarized lenses eliminate reflected glare. They are especially appropriate for drivers, fisherman, and hunters.).]

i. Pursuant to the Polariod Data Sheet, the PP10 polarizing filter has the unique ability to selectively absorb horizontally reflected glare, providing contrast improvement. It states that the reduction of glare leaves more accurate color rendition.

j. In Polarized Lenses for Contemporary Eyewear, Dr. R.A. Phillips states as follows:

“It can be easily demonstrated that blue absorbing lenses (yellow or amber) cut through atmospheric haze and in certain lighting improve contrast. By reducing the amount of blue light the effects of chromatic aberration of the lens is reduced. This leads to improved acuity. These psychological effects can be almost instantly perceived by someone who puts on a pair of blue attenuating lenses.”

“undesirable effects of glare are an increase in brightness and a reduction in color saturation. This makes objects viewed in the presence of glare appear washed-out.”

“Polarizing lenses have the ability to selectively eliminate glare.”

k. In Enhancement of Vision Using a Short Wavelength Filter, Dr. Zigman found that by using extracts of a normal human lenses placed over a camera, loss of clarity, contrast and color fade due to light scatter and autofluorescence resulted. The addition of a cut-off lens improved the image. Vision tests on humans showed that a 480 nm filter can improve contrast sensitivity and visual acuity.

l. In Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection, Michael T. Hyson, et al. states that “a minus-blue filter, like the animal oil droplets reduces Raleigh’s scatter in the eye and removes scattered light entering the eye, removing still more glare and improving the detail seen in distant scenes.” On page 8, it states that a yellow filter serves to cut out much of the violet light and some of the blue which are the colors responsible for most of the chromatic aberration (color blurring). At the same time, it lets through, unimpeded most of nature’s hues and passes the spectral regions which look brightest to both light and dark adapted eyes. One can also improve the discrimination of vegetative colors and the discrimination of objects against the sky.

m. Walls in The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation states: “By varying the amount of blue light, a yellow filter enhances the contrast between greens. In WWII, this allowed aviators to distinguish camouflage from natural vegetation. A yellow filter gives maximal contrast for objects in the sky.”

[See also, David Miller, et al., ______ (A UV filter eliminates the scattered portion of the spectrum from striking the retina and degrading the retfrial image.).]

4.	Eagle Eyes Block 100% Of UVA, UVB. And UVC Rays.

The Eagle Eyes lens provides maximum protection by blocking virtually 100% of UVA, UVB and UVC rays. This is again achieved through the use of sharp cut-off filter and polarization.

5.	Eagle Eyes Relax Your Eyes. Make You Feel Better. Impart A Sense of Well Being.

The Eagle Eyes lens relax the user's eyes, make him or her feel better and impart a sense of well-being by reducing discomforting glare, blue light hazard, and lenses.”

“Undesirable effects of glare are an increase in brightness and a reduction in color saturation. This makes objects viewed in the presence of glare appear washed-out.”

“Polarizing lens have the ability to selectively eliminate glare.”

In Enhancement of Vision Using a Short Wavelength Filter, Zigman's various studies using extracts of a normal human lenses placed over a camera, led to loss of clarity, contrast and color fade due tg light scatter and autofluorescence. The addition of a cut-off lens improved the image. Vision tests on humans showed a 480 nm filter can improve contrast sensitivity and visual acuity.

In Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection, Michael T Hyson et al. states that “a minus-blue filter, like the animal oil droplets reduces Raleigh's scatter in the eye and removes scattered light entering the -eye, removing still more glare and improving the detail seen in distant scenes." OnPg. 8. it states that a yellow filter serves to cut out much of the ·-riolet light and some of the blue which are the colors responsible for most of the chromatic aberration (color blurring). At the same time, it lets through, unimpeded most of nature’s hues and passes the spectral regions which look brightest to both light and dark adapted eyes. One can also improve the discrimination of vegetative colors and the discrimination of objects against the sky.

Walls in “The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation”, states “By varying The amount of blue light. a yellow filter enhnaces the contrast between greens. In WWII. This allowed aviators-to distinguish camoutlage from natural vegetation. A yellow filter gives maximal contrast for objects in the sky.”

[See also, David Miller et al.,...,(A UV filter eliminates the scattered portion of the spectrum from striking the retina and degrading the retinal image)].

4.	Eagle Eyes Block 100% Of UV A. UVB. And UVC Rays.

The Eagle Eyes lens provides maximum protection by blocking virtually 100% of UVA, UVB and UVC rays. This is again achieved through the use of sharp cut-off filter and polarization.

5. Eagle Eves Relax Your Eyes, Make You Feel Better. Impart A Sense of Well Being

The Eagle Eyes lens relax the user's eyes, make him or her feel better and impart a sense of well-being by reducing discomforting glare, blue light hazard, and ...

On Pg. 110 of “Optical  Radiation and Visual Health" it states that Fresnel's law of specular reflection tells us that if optical radiation from an overhead source falls upon the cornea, 30 to 60% of it will be reflected. When environmental levels of UV radiation are reflected upward into a snowfield or from a salt bed, then significant epithelial damage does. occur accompanied by a great deal of pain.

According to Hobby Sunglasses literature: “Normal, unreflected sunlight vibrates in all directions in a plane at right angles to its path of travel. When these light rats strike a smooth, horizontal surface such as water, sand, snow or pavement, the waves vibrating perpendicular to the surface are relected, creating an intensity many times greater than normal light.” And “Glare reduction eliminates the neesdfor squinting, thus relaxing the eye and facial muscles surrounding the eye.”

3. Call to action. “also adjust uncomfortable bright light to make you feel better”

Through the use of its sharp cut-on filter and polarizing filter, the Eagle Eye lens reduces discomforting glare, blue light hazard and other irritants to the eye resulting in an improvement in eye comfort and pleasant feeling.

Substantiation – As shown in the Eagle Eye lens Manufacturer’s Specification Sheet “The Original Polarizing Sunglass Lens Material” from Polaroid, “Lenses made from PP10 laminations offer quality and eye comfort benefits...” “The polarizing filter has the unique abillity to selectively absorb horizontally reflected glare, which provides contrast improvement and more accurate color rendition of the scene by removing blinding glare light from highly reflected areas.

In “An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection” on pg. 10 it states how the Eagle Eye lens adjusts uncomfortable bright light to make you feel better. “Filtration of UV reduces damage and fluorescence in the cornea and lens that can cause veiling glare. Filering blue light protects the retina from premature senile macular degeneration. We have also shown that a minus-blue filter, like the animal oil droplets, reduces Rayleigh scatter in the eye and removes scattered light entering the eye, removing still more glare and improving detail seen in distant scenes.

Chromatic aberration is greatly reduced and removing most of the blue light improves contrast in most situation. All these effects taken tohether improves the comfort and the visual performance of people using the filter as a sunglass in bright light.”

On pg. 21 of “An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection”, it states: “If the subjective experience of discomfort is a function of retinal gain, then the proper filtration, by deducing the total dynamic brightness range of the image, by shaving the intensities of specular images, will improve comfort and reduce squinting.”

The Dictionary of Visual Science defines glare as “Relatively bright light, or the dazzling sensation of relatively bright light, which produces unpleasantness or discomfort, or which interferes with optimal vision.”

In “Eye Injuries” by Zagora Pg. 179-180, glare classified as: “Glare is an unpleasant sensation produced by light which enters the visual field in such a fashion as to cause a depression of distinct vision.”

In the LA Times June 8, 1993 “When It’s Time to Make a Shady Deal” studies show “Sunglasses can ward off crow's feet as they improve eye comfort and even vision.”

In “Journal of Comp Physiol” 1976 by Chen et al, it indicates the purpose of a yellow oil droplet is to reduce deep violet and near UV (Blue) light rays.

In “Standards for Use of Visible and Nonvisible Radiation” on the Eye, American J. of Opt. & Physio. Optics Pg. 279 Sliney states that visible light levels which cause retinal hazards are quite discomforting to stare at. (Through the use of a polarizing and yellow filter, the Eagle Eyes lens reduces retinal hazards from thermal heating by attenuating glints and blue light damage. This reverses the uncomfortableness of bright light, for a more pleasing effect.)

In Ultraviolet windows in commercial sunglasses, Anderson et al. Pg. 515 Applied Optics, “More than half of the 25 models tested had ir windows that may cause eye discomfort with prolonged use.” (The Eagle Eyes lens is specifically designed not to have ir windows and to keep radiation levels below the damage threshold for solar retinitis and night vision loss and thus the lens adjusts uncomfortable bright light to make you feel better. See Eagle Eyes mathetmatical formu1as Pg. 10-17 in Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection)

In “The Human Ultraviolet Action Spectrum '74, Am J. Optom. and Physiol Optics”, Pg. 957-959 Pitts’ studies show the thresold for discomfort of ultraviolet exposure in relation to a decrease in visual acuity.

In “The Effects of Glare on the Contrast Sensitivity Function” it states that the effects of glare have been found to cause either annoyance and discomfort or even a measurable decrement in the visual performance of the individual. Specular glare is caused _by light sources in the field of view, whereas the latter is caused by reflection of high brightness from polished or glossy surfaces. Studies indicated that detectablility of an object decreases when the observer is confronted with veiling luminance.

In “The photophysics and photobiology of the eye; New Trends in Photobiology” by Dillon in J. Photochem. Photobiol. Pg 23, it states “Much of the constituents of the eye, both beneficial and deleterious this article reviews the interaction of light with the eye, various protective mechanisms, the possible role of light in aging and disease states and the role of light in biological processes other than sight such as mood, hormonal secretions and the cyclic growth and phaocytosis of the rods and cones.”

According to Alfred Lewey, et al, 1981 “Manic Depressive Patients May Be Supersensitive to Light”, Lancet:383-384 light can have a strong effect on mood.

A proposed melatonin modulation of the Eagle Eyes lens as cited on pp 21 of "An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens By Hyson et al. Melatonin has shown a myriad of health benefits including anti aging, immune system stimulation.

sleep disorder reversals and the· control of stress and stress-related infectious diseases. “New Studies on Melatonin" and "Melatonin: a Principal Neuroimmunoregulatory and Anti-stress Hormone" 1987.

In the Am. J. Psychiatry April '91,. “Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder with Green Light and Red Light", Pg. 509-511 it states that retinal receptors are more sensitive to green light than to any other band of visible light to improve mood, depressed feelings, etc. (The combination of a yellow lens and gray polarizing filter in the Eagle Eye lens results in an olive green lens.)

6. “make your eye relax”

By eliminating known irritants to the eye (direct glare, glints or specular sources, blue light hazard etc.), the Eagle Eye lens reduces eye strain and eye fatigue and causes the eyes to relax.

Substantiation - In "An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens" by Hyson et al, pp. 20-21, it is explained that a polarizing filter in addition to the blue blocking features of the Eagle Eye lens results in a control of the retina or a relaxing, comforting and squint reduction effect. On Pg. 10 it states: "Filtration of UV reduces damage and fluorescence in the cornea and len's that can cause veiling glare. Filtering blue light protects the retina from premature senile macular degeneration. We have also shown that a minus-blue filter, like the animal oil droplets, reduces Rayleigh scatter in the eye :ind removes scattered light entering the eye, removing still more glare and improving detail seen in distant scenes. Chromatic aberration is. greatly reduced and removing most of the blue light improves contrast in most situations. All these effects taken together improves the comfort and the visual performance of people using ,he filter 1s a sunglass in bright light.

In "Eye Injuries" by Zagora Pg. 179-180, glare is classified as follows: “Glare is an unpleasant sensation produced by light which enters the visual field in such a fashion as to cause a depression of distinct vision.

(The Eagle Eye lens attenuates glare through the use of a polarizing filter and through the use of a sharp cut-on filter which filters blue light scatter. The result is a reduction in direct glare, disability glare, reflected glare, Rayleigh light scatter.)

In "Journal of Comp. Physiol.“ 1976 by Chen et al, it indicates the purpose of a yellow oil droplet is to reduce deep violet and near UV (Blue) light rays. (The Eagle Eye lens provides a reduction in blue light, eyestrain and glare resulting in a relaxation effect of the eye.)

In Standards for Use of Visible and Nonvisible Radiation“ on the Eye, American J of Opt & Physio Optics Pg. 279 Sliney states that visible light levels which cause retinal hazards are quite discomforting to stare at.

In “Ultraviolet windows in commercial sunglasses”, anderson et al. Pg. 515 Applied Optics, "More than half of the 25 models tested had ir windows that may cause eye discomfort with prolonged use." It also states that when looking outside while the brightness of the scenary changes, "the eyes can partially compensate for normal changes in retinal intensity by varying the pupil diameter, but no changes occur in corneal intensity. In a high intensity environment, e.g., on snow covered landscape, at a beach, or in a high glare environment, additional protection is needed to decrease solar radiation received by  the eye. Optimally, sunglasses should attenuate the UV radiation much more than the visible. Lenses that attenuate the visible more than the UV cause two adverse effects that decrease their effectiveness as a protective device. The eye becomes uncomfortable in high intensity visible light causing relief to be sought in a lower intensity environment. Wearing lenses that attenuate the visible while transmitting the UV enables the eye to function in a high intensity environment for a longer period of time, consequently increasing the total UV dose received by the eye." ... "The attenuation of visible light of visible light by the eye will cause the pupil to dilate." If the glasses do not attenuate the UV sufficiently while blocking the visible, the lens, retina, etc. can in extreme cases, receive more UV radiation than if no sunglasses were worn at all.“

(The Eagle Eye lens is specifically designed not to have ir windows and to keep radiation levels below the damage threshold for solar retinitis and night vision loss and thus the lens adjusts uncomfortable bright light to make you feel better. See Eagle Eyes mathetmatical formulas Pg. 10-17 in "Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Poiarized Lens for Eye protection“)

In "The Human Ultraviolet Action Spectrum" '74, Am J. Optom. and Physiol Optics, Pg. 957-959 Pitts' studies show the thresold for discomfort of ultraviolet  exposure in relation to a decrease in visual acuity.

In "The Effects of Glare on the Contrast Sensitivity Function" it states that the effects of glare have been found to cause either annoyance and discomfort or even a measurable decrement in the visual performance of the individual. Specular glare is caused by light sources in the field of view, whereas the latter is caused by reflection of high brightness from polished or glossy surfaces. Studies indicated that detectablility of an object decreases when the observer is confronted with veiling luminance.

On Pg. 21 of "An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens for Eye Protection", it states: "If the subjective experience of discomfort is a function of retinal gain, then the proper filtration, by reducing the total dynamic brightness range of the image, by shaving the intensities of specular images, will improve comfort and reduce squinting." (The Eagle Eye lens keeps radiation levels below damage thresholds for solar keratitis and night vision loss.)

Lenses made from PP10 lamination offer quality and eye comfort benefits consumers want and which you can promote with confidence

6. Eagle Eyes Help To Prevent The Loss.Of Night Vision.

“protect against the loss of night vision when worn during the day"

Eagle Eyes protect the retina from sun damage from violet and blue light exposure during the day which preferentially bleaches the Rhodopsin ( ocular pigment) in the rod structure of the retina thus reducing night vision.

Substantiation - According to Dr. Donald Pitts, professor Emeritus of Environmental Optometry and Anatomy at the University of Houston as quoted in the LA Times Section E2 Personal Health June 8, 1993 citing a published study: "If you work or play outside in the sunlight two hours or more a day without adequate eye protection, that night your ability to see is decreased by 50%" ... Even on cloudy days, Pitts advises using good sunglasses, because UV radiation is still transmitted.

By keeping radiation levels below the damage thresold for night vision degradation as shown on pg. 17 of" An Ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens", the Eagle Eye lens, when worn during the day, protects against the loss of night vision.

Also on pg 17 of "An ultraviolet Radiation and Blue Light Blocking Polarized Lens" it states: Conventional sunglasses for a life guard, pilot, boater, automobile driver, cop, fisherman, athlete will generally protect against solar retinitis but not the loss of night vision. The reflection of the sun off a flat surface damages retinal tissue. For conventional sunglasses to protect against damage, they would have to be so dark as to be nearly useless.

In "The Effect of Sunglasses in Protecting Retinal Sensitivity', by Peckham and Harley, night vision degradation experiments conducted on lifeguards showed that for damage above the night vision degradation threshold, night vision would gradually improve overnight but that the gains would lag below the level of vision the night before. If adequate protection was given during the day however, the eye's night vision would return to normal after a few weeks as the cell renewal processes caught up.

On pg. 154 of "Retinal Sensitivity to Damage from Short Wavelength Light" 1976, it is stated that Smith noted American servicemen stationed in the South Pacific during the World War II reported a much higher than average rate of retinal degeneration. Retinal damage not only causes long- term degeneration to eyesight, but it can create an almost immediate diminishment of night vision.

Young in "Theory of Central Retinal Disease" in: New Directions in Ophthalmic Research Yale University Press, New Haven, states "that a homogeneous population of healthy white males groups according to job assignments. One group worked outside in bright light without projective glasses for several months; the other worked indoors or at night .... 150 men who worked in bright light developed a gradual decrease in visual acuity, edema, and pigmentary disturbances of the central retina, which the examining ophthalmologist likened to the early stages of "senile macular degeneration" apparently resulting primarily from solar radiation [and which] continues to be recorded with a high incidence in military personnel.

several months; the other worked indoors or at night.... 150 men who worked in bright light developed a gradual decrease in visual-acuity, edema, and pigmentary disturbances of the central retina which the examining ophthalmologist likened to the early stages of' senile macular degeneration... apparently resulting primarily from solar radiation [and which] continues to be recorded with a high incidence in military personnel.

7. Eagle Eyes Help Prevent Cataracts and Migraines.

8. Eagle Eyes Are The Result of 127 Years Of International Research.

Eagle Eyes lenses are the result of 127 years of international research, summarized as follows:

a. 1840: According to the research article "The Cone Oil Droplets of Avian Retinas" by Timothy H. Goldsmith, et al., German researcher, Adolph Hanover, discovers oil droplets in the retina of an eagle's eye. (See, Hanover, A. (1840) Ueber die Netzhaut und ihre Gihlrnsubstanz bei Wirbeltieren, mit Ausnahme des Menschen. Mullers Arch. Anat. Physiol. 320-345.)

b. 1866: According to "The Avian Brain" by Knowles and Dartnall, German researcher. M. Schultze, establishes the presence of small coloured droplets within the avian retina. (See, Schultze, M. (1866) Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Arch. mikr. Anatomie 2:175).

c. 1893: According to “ ” by ________, early investigators of retinal cells, such as Cajal, used the Golgi method to study the morphology, size, and disposition of these cells in a variety of species.

d. 1915: American marine biologist J.B. Watson discovers that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon’s eye is similar to man. (watson, J.B (1915) Studies on the Spectral Sensitivity of Birds. pap Dep. Marine Biol., Camegie inst., Wash. 7:87-104)

e. 1916: Lashley’s research further confirms J.B. Watson's findings that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon’s eye is similar to man.

f. 1929: According to the research article ''The visual ecology of avian cone iol droplets “by J:C. Partridge, the fitst measurements of oil droplet absorption spectra were made by Roaf who discovered that the droplets acted as ”edge“ or ”cut off“ filters absorbing short wavelengths.

g. 1933: Hamilton and Coleman’s research further confirm J.B. Watson’s (1915)and Lashley’s (1916) findings that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon’s eye is similar to man

7.	Eagle Eyes Help Prevent Cataracts and Migraines.

8.	Eagle Eyes Are The Result of 127 Years Of International Research.

Eagle Eyes lenses are the result of 127 years of international research, summarized as follows:

a. 1840: According to the research article "The Cone Oil Droplets of Avian Retinas "by Timothy H. Goldsmith, et al., German researcher, Adolph Hanover, discovers oil droplets in the retina of an eagle’s eye. (See, Hanover, A. (1840) Ueber die Netzhaut und ihre Gihirnsubstanz bei Wirbeltieren, mit Ausnahme des Menschen. Mullers Arch. Anat Physiol. 320-345.)

b. 1866: According to "The Avian Brain" by Knowles and Dartnall, German researcher, M. Schultze, establishes the-presence of small coloured droplets within the avian retina. (See, Schultze, M. (1866) Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Arch. mikr. Anatomie 2: 175).

c. 1893: According to" ______ " by ______. , early investigators of retinal cells, such as Cajal, used the Golgi method to study the morphology, size, and disposition of these cells in a variety of species.

d. 1915: American marine bioiogist J.B. Watson discovers that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon's eye is similar to man. (Watson, J.B. 1915, Studies on the Spectral Sensitivitv of Birds. Pap. Dep. Marine Biol., Carnegie Inst., Wash. 7:37-104.)

e. 1916: Lashley's research further confirms J.B. Watson's findings that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon's eye is similar: to man.

f. 1929: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by _. C. Partridge, _the first measurements of oil droplet absorption spectra were made by Roaf who discovered that the· droplets acted as "edge" or "cut off'' filters absorbing short wavelengths.

g. 1933: Hamilton and Coleman's· research further confirm J.B. Watson's (1915) and Lashley's (1916) findings that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon's eye is similar to man.

h. 1933: According to “the Avian Brain” by Knowles and Dartnall, British sientists Walls and Judd's (1933) extended research on the presence of small coloured droplets within the avian retina (research previously pioneered by Schultze in 1866) is confirmed. (See, The intraocular colour filters of vertebrates. Brit. J, Ophthalmol 17, 641-675, 705-725)

i. 1942: American G. Walls theorizes that the oil droplets reduce glare, were made by Roaf who discovered that the droplets acted as "edge" or "cut off' filters absorbing short wavelengths.

g. 1933: Hamilton and Coleman's research further confirm J.B. Watson's (1915) and Lashley's (1916) findings that the special transmission curve of the lens of a pigeon's eye is similar to man.

h. 1933: According to ''The Avian Brain" by Knowles and Dartnall, British scientists Walls and Judd's (1933) extended research on the presence of small coloured droplets within the avian retina (research previously pioneered by Schultze in 1866) is confirmed. (See, The intraocular colour filters of vertebrates. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 17, 641-675, 705-725.)

i. 1942: American G. Walls theorizes that the oil droplets reduce glare, dazzle and chromatic aberrations (image blurring) and enhance contrast. (See, Walls, G. (1942) The Vertebrate Eve. Cranbrook Inst. Sci., :Michigan.)

j. 1943: French researcher notes that the eagle eye is larger than other birds, almost as large as the human eye despite a disproportionately smaller body, which gives them a large image and good visual acuity. (See, Rochon-Duvigneaud, A (1943) Les Yeux et la Vision des Vertebres. Masson, Paris France.)

k. 1954: British scientists Naylor and Stanworth note a similarity between the fovae (the core region near center of retina of high acuity) of eagles and man. They note that unlike man, the eagle's fovea seems to be polarized and serves the function of lowering sensititivy of cells to hazardous blue light to reduce chromatic aberration of the lens.

l. 1956: Prince diagrams oil droplets. He indicates that the bright yellow, orange or red eye seen in many birds of prey is due to similar pigments also found in the iris of these birds. (See, Prince, J. (1956) Comparative Anatomy of the Eye, Thompson Publishing,)

m. 1957: Japanese scientist notes a· difference 1n the oil droplets of eagles versus that of other animals and a difference in the transmission of light that is passed through to the retina. (See, Fujimoto K., et al. (1957) Spectral Transmission of Retinal Coloured Oil Globules Re-Examined with a Spectrometer. Jpn f Physiol 7:339-346.)

n. 1960: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets“ by J.C. Partridge, Strother and Wolken's micro-spectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra and" enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimoto's findings of 1957.

o. 1961: British scientist searching for the reason falcons and other birds of pray have three times better vision than man, proves that the bird's oil droplets act. as intraocular filters, something that man can only achieve by using external aids. He suggests that the cells in an eagle's eye are polarized. (Pumphrey, R. (1961), Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, Vol. 2, pp. 55-68. Academic Press, London and New York.) This marks the first thoughts of a lens for ·man with animal characteristics.

p. 1963: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by J.C. Partridge, Strother’s further microspectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra and enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimoto's findings of 1957 and Strother and Walken's findings of 1960.

q. 1965: Scientists note polarization of the cells of the retina of some birds. Maturna, H. and Frank, S. (1965) Synaptic connections of the centrifugal fibres in the pigeon retina. Science 150, 359-361.) A synthetic lens for man will require polarization.

r. 1965: According to the research article “the visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets11 by J.C. Partridge, Meyer, et al.‘s microspectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra and enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist ;Fujimoto's findings of 1957, Strother and Wolken's findings of 1960, arid Strother’s findings of 1963.

s. 1968: K. Fite compares falcon vision to man's vision. He determines that man has limited ability to see peripherally with good acuity. (Fite, K. (1968) Two Types of Optomotor Response in the Domestic Pigeon. J. Comp. Physiol. 66, 308-314.)

t. 1969: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by J.C. Partridge King-Smith's microspectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra JI1d enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimoto’s findings of 1957, Strother and Wolken's findings of 1960, Strother’s findings of 1963, and Meyer, et al.‘s findings of 1965.

u. 1970: As a result of Fite’s findings, British scientist R. pumphrey concludes that, whilst the visual acuity of men and birds is of a comparable order, the bird's vision is·much-faster but man has binocular vision for depth perception advantages. He suggests that lenses be made for man that adopt aspects such as polarization and oil droplet features of birds of prey. (Pumphrey, R (1970) The Avian Eve and Vision.)

v. 1972: Muntz suggest that birds of prey that must look down into the

water for their prey, have specific oil droplets that reduce glare. (Muntz, W. (1972) Inert Absorbing and Reflecting Pigments. Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol. VII/1 Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 529-565)

w. 1974: Researchers note visible light as a contributor to detached retinas. (Charles, S., et al (1974) Experimental Retinal Detachment in the Owl Monkey II: The Role of Light in Photoreceptor Atrophy, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 78:233-235.) Lenses for manmust protect the eye from hazardous light.

dazzle and chromatic aberrations (image blurring) and enhance contrast. (See, Walls, G. 1942, The Vertebrate Eye. Cranbrook Inst. Sci., :Michigan.)

j. 1943: French researcher notes that the eagle eye is larger than other birds, almost as large as the human eye despite a disproportionately smaller body, which gives them a large image and good visual acuity. (See, Rochon-Duvigneaud, A 1943, Les Yeux. et la Vision des Vertebres. "Masson, Paris France.)

k. 1954: British scientists Naylor and Stanwortg note similarity between the fovae (the core region near center of retina of high acuity) of eagles and man. They note that unlike man, the eagle's fovea seems to be polarized and serves the function of lowering sensititivy of cells to hazardous blue light to reduce chromatic aberration of the lens.

I. 1956: Prince diagrams oil droplets. He indicates that the bright yellow, orange or red eye seen in many birds of prey is due to similar pigments also found in the iris of these birds. (See, Prince, J. 1956, Comparative Anatomv of the Eve, Thompson Publishing.)

m. 1957: Japanese scientist notes: a difference in the oil droplets of eagles versus that of other animals and a difference in the transmission of light that is passed through to the retina. (See, Fujimoto K., et al., 1957, Spectral Transmission of Retinal Coloured Oil Globules Re-Examined with a Spectrometer. Jpn J. Physiol 7:339-346.)

n. 1960: According to the research article ''The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by _.C. Partridge, Strother and Wolken's micro-spectrophotometric studies produced more preciseiy measured spectra and enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimoto's findings of 1957.

o. 1961: British scientist searching for the reason falcons and other birds of prey have three times better vision than man, proves that the bird’s oil droplets act as intra ocular filters, something that man can only achieve by using external aids. He suggests that the cells in an eagle's eye are polarized. (Pumphrey, R. 1961, Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, Vol. 2, pp. 55-68. Academic Press, London and New York.) This marks the first thoughts of a lens for man with animal characteristics.

p. 1963: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by _.C. Partridge, Strothers further microspectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra and enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed  to the diffetent oil tlroplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimeto's findings of 1957 and Strother and Wolken's findings of 1960.

q.. 1965: Scientists note polarization of the cells of the retina of some birds. (Maturna, H. and Frank, S. Synaptic connections of the centrifugal 6bres in the pigeon retina. Science 150, 359-361) A synthetic lens for man will require polarization.

r. 1965: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by _.C. Partridge, Meyer, et al.'s microspectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra and enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimoto's findings of 1957, Strother and Wolken's findings of 1960, and Strothers findings of 1963.

s. 1968: K. Fite coriipares falcon vision to man's vision. He determines that man has limited ability to see peripherally with good acuity. (Fite, K. 1968, Two Types of Optomotor Response in the Domestic Pigeon. J. Comp. Physiol. 66, 308-314)

t. 1969: According to the research article "The visual ecology of avian cone oil droplets" by _.C. Partridge, King-Smith's microspectrophotometric studies produced more precisely measured spectra and enabled cut-off wavelengths to be ascribed to the different oil droplet types. These studies confirm Japanese Scientist Fujimoto's findings of 1957, Strother and Wolken's findings of 1960, Strother's findings of 1963, and Meyer, et al.'s findings of 1965.

u. 1970: As a result of Fite's findings, British scientist R. Pumphrey concludes that. whilst the visual acuity of men and birds is of a comparable order, the bird's vision is much faster but man has binocular vision for depth perception advantages. He suggests that lenses be made for man that adopt aspects such as polarization and oil droplet features of birds of prey. (Pumphrey, R. 1970, Tne Avian Eve and Vision.)

v. l972: Muntz suggest that birds of prey hat must look down into the water for their prey, have specific oil droplets that reduce glare. (Muntz, W. 1972, Inert Absorbing and Reflecting Pigments. Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol. VII/1 Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp. 529-565.)

w. 1974: Researchers note visible light a contributor to detached retinas. (Charles, S., et al. 1974, Experimental Retinal Detachment in the Owi Monkev II: The Role of Light in Photoreceptor Atrophy, Am. J. Ophthalmol..78:233-235.) Lenses for m'an must protect the eye from hazardous light.

x. 1975: Baylor and Fettiplace note the oil droplet's ability to collect and concentrate light to the retinal cell by their microlens-like properties, thus improving visual sensitivity. (Baylor, D., Fettiplace, R. 1975. Light Path and Photon Capture in Turtle Photoreceptors. J. Physiol. Lond. 248:433-464.)

y. 1976: Cal Tech physicists J. Pettigrew and M. Konishi study the binocular vision of owls arid conclude owl's binolcuar depth discrimination comparable to the cat, monkey and probably man. (Pettigrew, J, Konishi M. 1976, Neurons Selective for Orientation and Binocular Disparity in the Owl. Science News.) Man's binocular vision can be enhanced with external filters.

z. 1976: Ham, et al., recognizes-the retinal damage that occurs from short .. wavelengths of invisible and visible light. Cellular damage occurs from photochemical reactions and from the termal heating of reflected glare. (Ham Jr., W., et al., 1976, Retinal Sensitivity to Damage from Short Wavelength Light. Nature 260:153-154.) External filters must block visible and polarized light for adequate protection.

aa. 1977: British researchers note that mid-day sunlight transmits shorter wavelengths of light and towrad night fall, the proportion of longer wavelengths reaching the earth increases. (Knowles, A., Dartnall, H., 1974, The Photobiology of Vision. University of Sussex Brighton, England.)

bb. 1977-1979: British scientist J. Bowmaker charts the transmission curve of the oil droplet in the pigeon, dove, hawk and eagle. He identifies the cut-off characteristics of the droplets, whersi-s they cut-off the transmission of short waves and pass through long waves. He confirms the bipolarity of the eagle1s eye. (Bowmaker, J., 1977, Institute of Ophthalmology, University of London England.)

cc. 1981: U.S. Army and NASA JPL physicists confirm Ham1s findings of the damage visible wavelengths of light have on the retina. Ham links retinal damage to night vision loss and some eye diseases. (Sliney, D., et al., 1981, Semitransparent Curtains for Control of Optical Radiation Hazards, Applied Optics 16(2):2352-2366.) More protective measures than provided by conventional sunglasses are required.

dd. 1982: R. Corth identifies man1s delicate eye chemistry as suite for twilight periods and will not hld up to sun-exposure past the age of 40 (the life expectancy of primitive man) without adequate protection. (Corth, R., 1982, What is Natural Light?. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, Annual Technical Conference, A.ugust 11.) Further evidence of the need for improved light filtering.

ee. 1982: NASA physicists J. Stephens and C. Miller begin working on a blue blocking lens using synthetic oil droplet. By 1986, a lens is tested which improves vision and provides some protection of the retina.

ff. 1984: British scientist confirms the light gathering properties of the avian oil droplets, which contribute to a significant improvement of sensitivity, contrast and motion detection. (Young, S., et al., 1984, Optics of Retinal Oil Droplets: a model of light collection and polarization detection in the avian retina. Vision Res 24: 129-137.)

gg. 1984: Japanese engineers produce a UV, polarized and blue blocking lens at the request of Shane-Michael Co. Adequate protection of the retina is achieved without diminishing the amount of light needed for optimal vision. The orange-colored sunglasses are a crude precursor to Eagle Vision Optics.

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